Peculiarities of communication of managing civil servants and the control area institutions in case of emergency at NPP

Особливості комунікації управлінців державних служб і установ зони спостереження за умови надзвичайної ситуації на АЕС Прилипко В. А.1, ORCID: 0000-0001-7566-6788, e-mail: medsocncrm@gmail.com Петриченко О. О.2, ORCID: 0000-0003-3226-2008, e-mail: medlu@ukr.net Морозова М. М.1, ORCID: 0000-0003-3805-6766, e-mail: medsocncrm@gmail.com Бондаренко І. В.1, ORCID: 0000-0003-3205-3652, e-mail: medsocncrm@gmail.com 1Державна установа «Національний науковий центр радіаційної медицини Національної академії медичних наук України», Київ, Україна 2Національна академія медичних наук України, Київ, Україна

Scientific institutions in most countries of the world pay attention to research related to the safety of nuclear power plants and the control area population. Under the World Health Organization (WHO) program "Ionizing Radiation", "Radiation Emergencies", they developed "Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations". The Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN) conducts research focused on nuclear safety, waste management, human and environmental protection, and social consequences of nuclear technology [3]. The issues related to the risk of living on 10-kilometer control areas of NPP in Germany and the United Kingdom are studied [4]. The websites of existing nuclear power plants in France publish an annual public information report on major nuclear facilities (Centrale nucléaire du Bugey, France). The issues regaring nuclear and radiation risks of nuclear power plants (l'Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, France, Cristian Pierret) are studied. Similar activities are being carried out at P.V. Ramzaev St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene dealing with the issue of analytical support of risk communication [5]. Belarusian State Technological University is elaborating radiation safety issues to protect the population and facilities from emergencies [6].
In Ukraine, the scientists of National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NRCRM NAS of Ukraine) conduct research related to radiation and hygienic principles of substantiation of the size and operation of NPP control areas, suggestions concerning changes in legislative and regulatory documents of Ukraine, which will regulate the requirements of the European Union [7]. Ukrainian Research Institute of Civil Defense elaborates the issue of alerting the population if there is a threat of emergencies with the adaptation of regulations, taking into account the experience of advanced countries of the European Union, the United States, Israel [8,9]. The experts of Institute of Public Administration and Research in Civil Protection have studied the challenging issues of information assurance of civil defense of Ukraine and outlined the task of creating a system of information and analytical support of civil defense (CD) [10]. National Institute for Strategic Studies monitors the changes in Ukraine's civil defense system in the context of modern military-political conflicts, focusing on the inconsistencies of political and managerial decisions in implementing civil defense [11].
Analysis of research data in Ukraine shows that protecting the control area population in case of emergency, ISSN 2708-7166 (Print) ISSN 2708-7174 (Online)
Purpose -specifying the features of interaction between different management structures in the domain of radiation protection of the control area population in case of emergencies at nuclear power plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In order to enhance a social and managerial component of the health risk of NPP control area population, in case of emergencies, an expert survey of specialists of various management CA structures and SUNPP specialists was conducted. The expert evaluation method was applied in the course of the study [12]. To conduct an expert survey, five main groups of experts, responsible for the state of radiation protection of various population groups of South-Ukrainian NPP (SUNPP) control area, were formed. Group 1 was represented by the executive body and local government officials of Yuzhnoukrainsk (SUNPP edge city), Voznesensk and rural settlements (RS) of Arbuzyn district. Group 2 of experts included SUNPP specialists. Group 3 enrolled specialists from the municipal and district departments of education and school principals, Group 4 included executives of medical institutions, and Group 5 was represented by managers of business entities. The selection of experts was based on the main competency criteria: education in radiation protection, relevant professional experience of at least 5 years, job profile, work experience and position. The average length of service of executive body and local government officials was 9.2 years, SUNPP specialists -19.4 years, educators -5 years, physicians -9 years, managers of business entities -23.6 years. The group of experts consisted of 42 managers. Questionnaires were elaborated for each group of experts, and each of them had separate common blocks of questions that could be compared to the answers of all groups of experts or separate groups.
Тo obtain primary empirical data, a simple ordering of values, pairwise or sequential comparison of those ones, as well as procedures to identify the variable being measured were used. In expert evaluations in closed-ended questions, an ordinal 5-point measurement scale was used, while for others -nominal measurement scales. Half-closed-ended and open-ended questions were also used depending on the status of the issue to be resolved. When processing, statistical methods, designed to analyze non-numerical information, were utilized.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysing the evaluations of experts-employees of local government bodies, as the main link of interaction between the control area population and state services in case of emergency at NPPs, as well as comparative evaluation of those ones with scores of experts of business entities, education, medical establishments and employees of NPP makes it possible to figure out the features of the mechanism of their interaction in case of emergency.
According to the control area experts, fulfilling targeted programs to protect the NPP control area population, both state and extra-budgetary, is better implemented in the Yuzhnoukrainsk and Voznesensk while it is substantially worse in rural areas.
In case of emergency at NPP, the system of alerting municipal authority executives of cities and rural settlements of the control area is "more or less" effective and can be achieved within 30 minutes as assessed by expertemployees. According to local government experts, in all settlement areas, in case of emergency, all alerting systems will be utilized, both the local ones, providing the minimum necessary information within the first hours (sirens, speakers), and the national-level ones (telecom networks, Internet, mobile communication). According to experts of business entities, the structure of the alerting system in case of emergency on the control area objects is as follows: loudspeakers and sirens go first, mobile communication goes second, telecom networksthird, Internet and SMS -fourth (Fig. 1). According to educators, all centralized systems alerting staff and students will be utilized in case of emergency: mobile communication (80.0%) and SMS (60.0%), sirens (call) and loudspeakers (60.0%), local radio broadcasting (40.0%) and telecom networks (30.0 %).
Analysis of expert assessments shows that higher scores for emergency alert systems were provided by experts from Yuzhnoukrainsk, lower ones -by Voznesensk and the lowest scores were provided by rural area experts (Fig. 2). According to the data obtained, the combination of all alert systems, in case of emergency, can cover 100.0 % of the population in a short period of time.
Carrying out a comparative evaluation between requests for information in case of emergency, it can be affirmed that local governments, depending on the place of employment, choose different sources to inform the population, like in Yuzhnoukrainsk and Voznesensk they first contact SD South-Ukraine NPP, the State Emergency Service, in rural areas -the State Emergency Service.
In case of emergency, according to local government experts and business experts, the population of Yuzhnoukrainsk is provided with individual protective gear, respirators, first aid kits, stable iodine agents in the best way (4.0 points), Voznesensk has lower score, i.e. 3.0 points, while the lowest one is observed in rural areas -partially provided with individual protective gear (2.3 points).
The experts from education sphere have evaluated that according to a 5-point scale scale, the availability of individual protective gear for students of schools in the cities located on the control area is 4.5 ± 0.50, respirators and gas masks -4.2 ± 0.80, household first aid kits -4.0 ± 0.70. Schools do not have supplies of stable iodine agents, but, if necessary, they can be obtained at pharmacies and medical institutions. The control area population is fully provided with stable iodine agents (at the place of residence of all population groups). There are no means of collective protection (radiation shelters) throughout the control area. Sheltering of the population and students in defense buildings is not provided by the plan of actions in case of emergency at SUNPP, evacuation only. In Voznesensk and in some rural settlements near schools there are simple shelters, located at a distance of 500m, however they do not meet the requirements of radiation protection and are not equipped with water supply and ventilation.
Dosimetric devices and radiation survey devices are available only for officials of local government bodies of Yuzhnoukrainsk, dosimetric devices are available for Voznesensk officials, local government bodies in rural areas do not have dosimetric devices. There are almost ISSN 2708-7166 (Print) ISSN 2708-7174 (Online)
no dosimetric devices at the disposal of civil protection services of business entities and schools in the entire control area, especially in rural areas.
The level of technological infrastructure of the civil protection service in the control area is quite challenging. Extremely unsatisfactory situation is observed in rural areas, according to experts of local governments. In Voznesensk, 50.0 % of experts believe that it is unsatisfactory, the best situation is in Yuzhnoukrainsk -83.3 % of experts believe that the equipment of civil defense is satisfactory. The average score of the technical equipment of the сivil рrotection service in the SUNPP control area from the experts' perspective, in case of emergency, are: rural settlements -2.25 ± 0.48, Voznesensk -3.00 ± 1.00, Yuzhnoukrainsk -3.83 ± 0.17 (satisfactory).
Financing and logistical support of civil protection measures, according to experts of business entities, is very low (1.53 points), mainly due to local and own budgets. The distribution of scores of the technical equipment level of the civil protection service in the NPP control zone, in case of emergency, was significantly different in the local government officials and NPP experts (Fig. 3).
Evaluations of local government experts on their readiness to implement protective measures in case of emergencies show that readiness for iodine prophylaxis is 4.0-5.0 points, while evacuation of the population is 4.0 points. The measures to limit the consumption of radionuclide-contaminated food and to supply "clean" one, as well as to limit the consumption of drinking water contaminated with radionuclides and to ensure "clean" one are evaluated at the level of 3.0 points (supplied by 50%).
The general analysis of expert evaluation of the control area shows that 49.1% of experts believe that the communities are ready for an emergency at the NPP while 50.9% believe that they are more or less ready. 33.0% of experts believe that communities are more or less ready for an emergency situation at other industry-related facilities, 58.3 % -that they are ready and 8.3 % -that they are as ready as possible. Regarding emergencies at water-power plants, 53.8 % of experts believe that communities are ready, out of those: 25.0 % are as ready as possible, while 41.7 % are more or less ready.
Experts of local government bodies have information about emergencies that occurred at nuclear power plants, among experts-business entities 28.6% fully possess information. In case of emergency at a nuclear power plant, the Work Plan for the emergency situation at economic facilities will be fulfilled by 92.8%. 35.7% of experts believe that it will be completely, 51.1 % -partially. For the majority of business entities of the control area, in case of emergency the functions are fixed: transport (21.4%), medical (28.6%), energy (14.3 %).
Тhe training, which are periodically conducted at the NPP in case of an emergency, involve local governments, business entities in the control zone of the edge city as well as rural areas. According to experts, the main obstacles in the implementation of radiation protection measures at facilities, generally on the control area, are inadequate logistics (50.0 %), insufficient level of knowledge and skills (28.6 %), lack of shelters in case of emergency (64.3 %).
Opinions of business experts regarding the ways to promote the study and master knowledge and skills of civil defense, in case of an emergency at a nuclear power plant, differ. For 21.4% of experts, the possible ways to promote absorbing mandatory knowledge are financial and material ones, for 57.1 % -outreach and informing, for 50.0 % -moral responsibility and for 7.3 % -administrative responsibility.
At schools located in the SUNPP control area, in order to ensure the safety of students, they develop work plans for day-to-day operation and for the emergency regime. In case of emergency at South-Ukrainian NPP, the staff who are responsible for safety of students at the control area schools have information on who and during what time should inform school principals about the emergency. Once a year, at schools located on the control area, students Експерти -фахівці АЕС оцінюють ефективність проведення планових щорічних протиаварійних навчань і тренувань системи аварійного реагування, на випадок аварійної ситуації, як ефективні та повністю ефективні (33,3 % і 66,7 % відповідно), загальна оцінка складає -4,67 ± 0,33 за 5-бальною шкалою.
Experts highly appreciate the interaction of the crisis centers of NNEGC "Energoatom" with regional and local authorities -4.70 ± 0.33 according to a 5-point scale.

CONCLUSIONS
1. The analysis of expert evaluation data shows that NPP and the State Emergency Service conduct training in case of emergency at NPP forming stereotypes of behavior of managing civil servants. In case of emergency at NPP, the system, alerting municipal authority executives of cities and rural settlements of the control area, is "more or less" effective and can be achieved within 30 minutes. The level of readiness to put protective measures into action in case of an emergency at SUNPP varies. The executives of civil services and institutions show readiness to implement iodine prevention and evacuation of the population. Up to date, the population of the NPP control area is provided with stable iodine agents. The population of Yuzhnoukrainsk is provided with individual protective gear in the best way; Voznesensk and rural settlements have a little lower levels of supply. The rural areas are characterized by the lowest level of first aid kits, protective clothing and respirators supplies. Implementing the measures to limit the consumption of food contaminated with radionuclides and to provide "clean" one, as well as to restrict the consumption of drinking water contaminated with radionuclides, and to provide "clean" one is about 3.0 points ("approximately 50% of what is needed").
2. The level of equipment of civil defense services and primary health care units is low. The state of technical equipment of the civil protection service in rural settlements of the control area is unsatisfactory, while in cities it is at satisfactory level. Financing and logistical support of civil protection measures is very low (1.53 points). The availability of equipment and medical property in the inventory of primary healthcare units in case of emergency, is 1.0 point (absent). Preventive medications necessary for emergency use are "supplied by 50%". The time period for primary health care units to be ready to carry out, if necessary, additional iodine prophylaxis, in case of emergency, among the population (up to 6 hours) is evaluated at the level of 2.6 points. The implementation of targeted programs for the protection of the population of the NPP control area is better implemented in the SUNPP edge city and, being substantially worse, in rural settlements.